It was discovered by robert gallo and colleagues htlv 2 is prevalent among the indigenous populations in africa and the indianamerican tribes in central and south america as well as among drug users in europe and north america it can be. Articles on htlv 1 replication, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention and identify essential areas of unmet need in htlv 1 basic and translational research. Cousin of hiv plaguing australia and the world cnn. Htlv1 is an abbreviation for human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1, also called human tcell leukemia type 1, a virus that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases, including tropical spastic paraparesis, and as a virus cancer link for leukemia see adult tcell leukemialymphoma. Human tcell lymphotropic type1 htlv 1 is a virus that occurs in diverse communities around the world and has been present among aboriginal people in central australia for thousands of years. Two identical copies of this genome are found in the. A virus closely related to htlv i, human tlymphotropic virus 2 htlv ii shares approximately 70% genomic homology structural similarity with htlv i. Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv 1, the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Isolated bladder dysfunction in human t lymphotropic virus. Human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv1 and adult tcell leukemia. Human tlymphotropic virus 1 is a singlestranded rna virus of the deltaretrovirus genus thatisaknowncauseofleukemiaandlymphomaofthetcells.
Although there is no evidence that hcws infected with htlv iiilav have transmitted infection to patients, a risk of transmission of htlv iiilav infection from hcws to patients would exist in situations where there is both 1 a high degree of trauma to the patient that would provide a portal of entry for the virus e. Publications geographicaldistributionareashighprevalencehtlv1. Proviral load and duration of breastfeeding are thought to. Human tcell leukaemia virus 1 htlv 1 is the most potent carcinogenic oncovirus and potentially the most oncogenic risk factor including chemical carcinogens. Interestingly, three of our cases showed positive expression of epsteinbarr virus, ebv encoded rna within the tumor cells indicating a possible interaction between these two viruses. Human tcell lymphotropic virus types i and ii htlv i and htlv ii are closely related exogenous human retroviruses. Request pdf on feb 1, 2009, marcus tulius silva and others published isolated bladder dysfunction in human t lymphotropic virus type 1 infection find, read and cite all the research you need. Human t cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 htlv 12 causes serious diseases and is endemic in many parts of the world. No crossreactivity with antibodies to hiv1 or hiv2 has been demonstrated for this assay. The electronic search was enhanced by a manual search of the reference lists of all. Human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlv1 is a member of the deltatype. Htlv i infection is endemic in southwestern japan, the caribbean basin, melanesia, and parts of africa, where.
In 1993, htlv 1 screening of blood donors was already performed in all developed countries and in many developing countries where htlv 1 is. Human tcell leukemia virus, type 1 htlv1 occurs when a person is infected by the human tcell leukemia retrovirus. It is a retrovirus that infects a type of white blood cell called a tcell or tlymphocyte. About 1 in 20 people will develop disease, mostly due to htlv 1 but this usually occurs much after initial infection. Since that time, the term htlv iii has been reused to designate a different htlv virus.
Human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv testing lab tests online. Qualitative screening detection of human tcell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 htlv 1 and htlv 2specific antibodies with confirmation and differentiation between htlv 1 and htlv 2 infection reflex tests lists tests that may or may not be performed, at an additional charge, depending on the result and interpretation of the initial tests. Although most htlv1infected people remain asymptomatic throughout their lives, approximately 3% develop adult t cell leukemialymphoma. Htlv 1associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis is an inflammation of the cells of the spinal cord affecting the nervous system of the lower part of the body atll adult t cell leukaemialymphoma is a rare blood cancer seen only in people infected with htlv 1. In the present case, tocilizumab treatment did not appear to be effective in. It is transmitted from mother to child in 1525% of the cases, primarily through breastfeeding. Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human. Geographical distribution of areas with a high prevalence of htlv1. May 07, 2018 rates of htlv 1, an ancient virus called the cousin of hiv, are exceeding 40% among adults in remote regions of central australia. Stlv1 is found in old world monkeys and great apes.
Htlv iii htlv iii reagent kit 06p07 human tlymphotropic. Serological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of htlv1 infection. Htlv 2 was first isolated from a patient with tlymphocytic hairy cell leukemia but has not been unequivocally proven to. It is thought to have migrated during ancient times with native american indians in north and south america, with australian aborigines and the melanesian people of the south west pacific, and to japan. Geographical distribution of areas with a high prevalence. Technical report geographical distribution of areas with a high prevalence of htlv 1 infection 3 background in 1980, htlv 1 human tcell leukaemialymphoma virus type 1 was the first oncogenic human retrovirus to be discovered. Effective treatment with tocilizumab in a rheumatoid. The type of the virus found in central australia, type c, is. There are four known strains of htlv including htlv type 1 htlv1, htlv2, htlv3 and htlv4. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 or human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlvi, also called the adult tcell lymphoma virus type 1, is a retrovirus of the human tlymphotropic virus htlv family that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases including very aggressive adult tcell lymphoma atl, htlviassociated myelopathy, uveitis.
Diffuse large bcell lymphoma in human tlymphotropic. Disease occurs in human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv1 is transmitted sexually, by contaminated blood prod ucts, by organ transplantation, or from mother to child. Human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv diseases htlv aware. This led to the discovery of the first htlv, designated htlv 1, and marked the beginning of the human retrovirus era. Selfflagellation as possible route of human tcell lymphotropic. Human tlymphotropic virus types i, ii htlv i, ii arup. The human tlymphotropic virus, human tcell lymphotropic virus, or human t cell. Pdf frequency of human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv. Frequency of human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv type 1 and 2 infection in hiv infected patients. Human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 is found in indigenous peoples of the pacific islands and the americas, whereas type 2 htlv 2 is widely distributed among the indigenous peoples of the americas, where it appears to be more prevalent than htlv 1.
They are different from the human immunodeficiency viruses that cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of htlv is available below. Htlv1 is an abbreviation for human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1, also. Abstract objectives human tlymphotropic virus htlv1 causes tcell leukaemia and myelopathy. Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv1, the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection. Htlv 1 is an abbreviation for human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1, also called human tcell leukemia type 1, a virus that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases, including tropical spastic paraparesis, and as a virus cancer link for leukemia see adult tcell leukemialymphoma.
Resistance of human t cell leukemia virus type 1 to. However, opportunistic infections also occur in individuals with human t cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 htlv 1 infection. Htlv 1 infects t lymphocytes in vivo, where, like hiv1, it is likely to encounter ha3g. Here, we report opportunistic infections in two japanese htlv 1seropositive patients. Human t lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 proviral load in asymptomatic carriers, htlv 1 associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis, and other neurological abnormalities associated with htlv 1infection. In this study, 2,0 serum specimens drawn serially over a period of 15 years 19681983 from 311 motherchild pairs in okinawa were tested for antibodies to human t. Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human tlymphotrophic virus, types i and ii summary. Currently, an estimated 1020 million people worldwide are infected with this virus. Human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv1 and adult tcell. Htlv1 associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis. Human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv testing lab tests. The virus utilizes the glut1 and nrp1 cellular receptors for their entry, although htlv1, but not htlv2, is dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Viruses currently listed in the roc include human papillomaviruses.
Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv1 is transmitted sexually, by contaminated blood. The human tlymphotropic virus, human tcell lymphotropic virus, or human tcell leukemialymphoma virus htlv family of viruses are a group of human retroviruses that are known to cause a type of cancer called adult tcell leukemialymphoma and a demyelinating disease called htlv1 associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis hamtsp. Assessment of a new immunoassay for serological confirmation and discrimination of human tcell lymphotropic virus infections. Indigenous population support htlv 2019 congress and the need to have management guides, investment in care and prevention of the virus, as well as the urgent necessity to. Reentry requalification blood donors reactive antihtlviii.
Htlv i was first isolated in 1980 from a patient with a cutaneous tcell lymphoma, while htlv ii was identified from a patient with hairy cell leukemia in 1982. Recommendations for requalification of blood donors deferred because of reactive test results for antibodies to human tlymphotropic virus types i and ii anti htlv. Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human tcell. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type i speaker a retrovirus that infects only t lymphocytes t cells. Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human t. Human t lymphotropic viruses htlvs are complex deltaretroviruses that do not contain a protooncogene in their genome, yet are capable of transforming primary t lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. As an acquired immunodeficiency, human immunodeficiency virus hiv infection is primarily responsible for opportunistic infections in infected patients. Htlv 1 is the only known retrovirus to directly cause cancer in humans. Htlv1 is spread by blood transfusions, sexual contact and sharing needles. Type 1 htlv is irregularly distributed throughout the world, as opposed to type 2 virus, which is a new world virus, more common among americans in north, central, and south america. Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv1, the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Although this virus generally causes no signs or symptoms, some affected people may later develop adult tcell leukemia atl, htlv 1 associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis hamtsp or other medical conditions. The newly designated htlv iii virus, as well as an htlv iv virus, have been identified and are being studied, but testing of them is only being done on a research basis.
Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence from studies in humans. The estimate of 510 million global infections excludes 85% of the general population, for which testing has not occurred, and is probably an underestimate. Human tlymphotropic virus htlv infection is associated with certain rare diseases of t lymphocytes tcells, a type of white blood cell that is an important part of the bodys immune system. Htlv1 and htlv2 share broad similarities in their overall genetic organization and expression pattern, but they differ substantially in their pathogenic properties. It can also be spread from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. Human tlymphotropic virus type i htlv i and type ii htlv ii are closely related but distinct retroviruses that can infect humans. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 or human tlymphotropic virus type 1 htlvi, also called the adult tcell lymphoma virus type 1, is a retrovirus of the human tlymphotropic virus htlv family that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases including very aggressive adult tcell lymphoma atl, htlviassociated myelopathy, uveitis, strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection and some other diseases.
The estimate of 510 million global infections excludes 85% of the general population, for which testing has not occurred, and is probably an underestimate 1. Hiv1 counteracts the innate antiviral activity of ha3g by producing an accessory protein, vif. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 is transmitted through exposure to contaminated blood, through sexual contact, and from a mother who has the virus to her child at birth or through breastfeeding via breast milk. Okinawa prefecture is one of the endemic areas for adult t. Htlv 1 is present throughout the world with clusters of high endemicity in southern japan, the. Opportunistic infections in patients with htlv1 infection.
Dec 10, 2014 human tcell leukemia virus, type 1 htlv 1 is a retroviral infection that affect the t cells a type of white blood cell. Aug 20, 2019 in 1979, human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv was isolated in a patient with adult cutaneous tcell lymphoma atl. Htlv 1 associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis hamtsp is a progressive disease of the nervous system that affects less than 2% of people with htlv 1 infection signs and symptoms vary but may include slowly progressive weakness and spasticity of one or both legs, exaggerated reflexes, muscle contractions in the ankle, and lower back pain. This conclusion is based on evidence from epidemiological and molecular studies, which show that htlv 1 causes adult tcell.
Since 1986, htlv 1 screening has been developed and was slowly implemented worldwide 34. If arup consult does not answer your test selection and interpretation questions, or if youd like to suggest ways to improve content or usability, please leave a message for the arup clinical content team. Htlvassociated myelopathy hamtsp and adult tcell leukemialymphoma atll were the first diseases to be related to this retrovirus. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv1 is transmitted sexually, by contaminated blood products, by organ transplantation, or from mother to child. Human t cell leukemia virus type 1 htlv 1 has evolved a remarkable strategy to thwart the antiviral effects of the cellular cytidine deaminase apobec3g ha3g. Thelineargenomeofthis speciesisaround9kbasesinlengthandencodesaccessoryandregulatorygenesinaddition to all essential retrovirus genes. Htlv 1 is a very old virus, which appears to have infected and moved with humans for hundreds, if not thousands of years. The virus was later reclassified and the name was changed to hiv. The human tlymphotropic viruses, type i htlv i and type ii htlv ii, are closely related but distinct retroviruses that can infect humans. Htlv i causes adult tcell leukaemia atl and htlv iassociated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis hamtsp. Doctors are now raising alarm about this neglected infection. Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 genetic and rare. Htlvi is a very old virus, which appears to have infected and moved with mankind for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years.